John Leonard Vs. Pepsi Co Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

John Leonard Vs. Pepsi Co - Case Study Example In light of this data, it is anything but difficult to presume that there was no composed understanding between the two gatherings. Besides, on legitimate grounds, the commercial can't validate the plaintiff’s guarantee that an offer was made. On these grounds, PepsiCo is obligated in vain. The following inquiry is whether Pepsi really made an offer. At the point when you contemplate such proposes, it makes a ton of equivocalness about the business being a real offer. In the inventory that PepsiCo gave, the stream was excluded as one of the blessings which could be gathered. In this manner the advertisement was not an offer, to a great extent since it was excluded from the Pepsi Stuff Catalog that gives additional data about the Pepsi Points program. Besides, the law on such issues is that if an offer is made that is obviously intended to be a joke and deciphered as such by a goal standard; it doesn't establish a coupling offer. In this way, PepsiCo again is protected on these grounds. In any case, John Leonard deciphered the promotion as a real offer and attempted to profit by it. In view of our decision, the plaintiff’s comprehension of the business as an offer ought to be dismissed on the grounds that the courts would find that no target individual could sensi bly have presumed that the business really offered purchasers an award of a Harrier Jet. Proceeding onward to the scandalous call made by Leonard with respect to the subtleties of the offer, he was educated about the system of gathering Pepsi focuses, and at no time was he verified that he would get a Harrier Jet. PepsiCo had just carefully recorded this in its list, both on the most proficient method to accumulate focuses and what might be available to all. Subsequently, Leonard’s call appears to have no legitimate hugeness with the exception of that reality that they suggest some help in Pepsi’s camp. In any case, let’s embrace another vantage point, one that mirrors the perspectives on the offended party.

Choose any company and describe its multinational business aspects Essay

Pick any organization and depict its worldwide business viewpoints - Essay Example Notwithstanding, global organizations face pundits of contaminating nature and paying nearby work inadequately. Simultaneously, they face pundits of abusing the assets of inhabitant nations and sending the benefits to their parent nations. Worldwide organizations work on the ideas of worldwide business including worldwide setting and friends procedure. In reality, globalization assumes a significant job in the achievement of a worldwide organization. The multifaceted nature of working a global organization is exceptionally clear where just about 1% of every single American organization had branches outside US by 2004. The methodology of a worldwide organization may include converging with parent organizations who have built up circulation system and client base. If there should be an occurrence of a merger, it turns out to be difficult to adjust the two national premiums and the premiums of the financial specialists. In any case, the part of globalization isn't perfect in that most organizations are more established in their parent nations where their clients, financial specialists, providers, and representatives live. All things considered, for them to stay above water, they embrace a cosmopolitan methodology that ord ers them to adjust to the diverse market elements in variation nations. This influences the organization procedure that returns to adjustment than development. It likewise influences the association of the organization that needs to lessen the outer contrasts and deal with the hierarchical separation (Ghemawat 92-99). They will similarly need to pass the cosmopolitan way to deal with their clients and investors. Microsoft, Sony, Starbucks, and Coca cola are effective global organizations. Microsoft Corporation is the universes biggest programming worldwide partnership situated in Redmond, Washington, United States. Microsoft manages processing items where it is the biggest PC producer, designer, and licensor. The organization utilizes the part of globalization in business where it works in more than in excess of 135 extraordinary

I want you to burn

I want you to burn DID YOU KNOW? The word meaning the closest approach of an orbiting body to Mars is periareion. My dorm, Burton-Conner, is the best. Even though we havent meaningfully updated our web page in two and a half years, were still the best. Why? Kitchen space. As Laura showed you, each floor is arranged into suites of 4-10 people each. This means that for a modest reduction in room size, every 6 people in the dorm get a full kitchensink, cabinets, two refrigerators, stove, and oven. No lugging a Target refrigerator from Omaha, NE in the back of your parents minivan. It also means that we have the highest per-capita average of fire alarms of any dorm on the MIT campus. Because just because you go to MIT doesnt mean you know that you should take the wrapper off of a microwave burrito, or that you shouldnt put pita chips in the oven and then forget about them. Not that its necessarily a bad thingI never would have met the former second-best Goldeneye player in the world if it werent for a random fire alarm at Burton-Conner. (I WAS SO EXCITED) Long long ago, I heard something, maybe on these blogs, about the culture of a dorm being somehow determined by its physical structure. I think Burton-Conners culture is pretty much defined by fire alarms. Yeah, fire alarms and thats it. Its rare for any freshman to live in Burton-Conner for more than two weeks without hearing exactly how to prevent a catastrophe: Close the door when youre cooking and open the windows. The suite alarm can go off for three minutes before the dorm alarm kicks in and everyone needs to evacuate. If somethings on fire, cover it or throw it out the window! Actually, its rare for any freshman to live in Burton-Conner for two weeks without having a fire alarm go off. Just because its 3 AM, or 12 degrees outside, or the night before the Boston Marathon, doesnt mean that someone knows how to cook a pepperoni n cheese Hot Pocket. People usually take the minute before the fire department gets there to put on their finest attire and grab some playing cards or a s nack. Then later w reminisce about how much fun we had playing hearts or secret card or whatever at a particular fire alarm, and how cold it was. I know 3 sets of people whose facebook friendship status is They met randomly: Burton-Conner Fire Alarm! I even wrote lyrics to the ringing alarm. Basically, if Burton-Conner ever actually burns down, were all pretty much doomed. But doomed awesomely. And since its better to show, not tell, I grabbed my camera last night. You might think its stupid for me to just show 15 pictures of my ridiculously attractive friends standing outside a non-burning building, but lets see what kind of blog entries you come up with when someone wakes you up at 3 AM. Oh no! A fire! You better ring the alarm! Unfazed, Gabe 08 makes his traditional mug of hot cocoa for the road. The only two exceptions were the time that he set it off while insouciantly frying a hamburger and the time that he was in the middle of a boss battle in Zelda: Twilight Princess, so he locked the lounge door and hid under a couch so the firemen wouldnt reprimand him. Well, I can do that too. I got a little worried that the fire department was going to find us there and yell at us (they have threatened to make everyone sleep outside after finding someone hiding under his covers hoping that the torturous noise would finally end), but Gabe assured me, no, I do this EVERY TIME. As you can see, Gabe does look pretty rowdy drinking his cocoa, doesnt he? Its a tradition. Sung 10 has an adorable hat and is saying something, probably, Its Lauren 10s birthday and theres a fire alarm! Because everybody at MIT talks like that and says peoples class year right after their name. We really do talk in numbers here. Richard 09 sympathizes. When Ling 07 saw that I was taking pictures, I think she said something like, You should take one of me because Im not wearing any pants. Trust me. Or you could ask Evan 10 in the background. Anyway, I gave her some cocoa to thank her for this awesome pose. Jeremy 09 brought his Mac outside so people could watch House. Everyone was entranced, except David 09 who apparently likes me better than Hugh Laurie. Neither the late hour nor House nor the fact that it only snowed, like, one centimeter could stop Jeremy from throwing snowballs at his girlfriend Alice 09. Oh, kids. Sam, you have a camera? Psh, Laura, Im blogging this [stuff]. Thats what it should say on the back of our blogger t-shirts. THIS IS THE REAL MIT! I dont think I really said that last thing, but in my head I did. In my head Im also six foot one. Then I just started taking some portraits, which turned out surprisingly decent considering it was 3 AM. E-mail me if you want any names or phone numbers! Evan 10 hes wholesome! Mason 10 he can moonwalk! Richard 09 hes from Wisconsin! MARK 09 the lowest grade he got all term was an 88%! And he builds killer robots! I didnt really capture it well here, but there was actually a few puffs of smoke trickling out of the second-from-top floor window, which is much closer to an actual fire than most of our alarms are. It also meant that we had to stay outside for an extra 10 minutes while the air cleared. But the end of the alarm has come often, and continues to often come. We headed back inside to beds or Wiis and decided that we would do this again sometime. Probably sooner than we want. THIS IS THE REAL MIT! Post Tagged #Burton-Conner House

Nation Of Poverty - 1865 Words

Introduction â€Å"Like slavery and apartheid, poverty is not natural. It is man-made and it can be overcome and eradicated by the actions of human beings. And overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is an act of justice. It is the protection of a fundamental human right, the right to dignity and a decent life.† ― Nelson Mandela (Mandela, 2005, p. 123) It has been said that poor people have poor ways. Professionals use the term culture of poverty to describe that people in poverty share consistent and observable characteristics. Critics of this concept argue that many of these conceived universal characteristics are myths (Lewis, 1998). Whether the culture of poverty is a legitimate concept or not, it is truth that families that†¦show more content†¦Recent economic troubles has made for a very troubling job market, this and other factors have caused many Americans to abandon their search for employment. As a result public assistance programs have seen the largest amount of growth among social programs. These programs have had success in alleviating poverty among the elderly. They have not been as successful in helping child poverty and a downright failure in helping the working poor (Pedace, 2004). Many politicians and researchers want to consider poverty a demographic or racial issue. Historically minorities such as African Americans and Hispanics have had higher poverty rates than white, non-Hispanics. These numbers get more interesting when you factor in geography. Poverty rates are much higher in rural areas, the Southern U.S., and the Midwest (Pedace, 2004). This data suggests that there are multiple factors when considering the causes of poverty. While race is certainly a factor, an individual could easily jump to other conclusions when trying to find a root cause of poverty. It would be easy to rationalize that economic hardships have almost as much to do with lack of opportunity, low education levels, and no discernible job skills as they do with race or ethnicity. For most societies the fight against poverty is of great concern. For the United States and most European countries this involves transferring resources to our most disadvantaged. The fastest way toShow MoreRelatedPoverty And Its Effects On African Nation1353 Words   |  6 Pages Poverty in Africa has strike the people li ving there extremely horrible. Africa is the second largest continent in the world. It holds about 1.1 million people, which is 15% of the world’s population. Poverty is about have not enough money to meet basic needs of living which includes food, clothing, and shelter. Being that Africa has a lack of the materials for a humans needs to have a role in society. Although over about 500 billion dollars is sent directly aid the African nation the money is beingRead MoreCombat Poverty, Developing And Developed Nations?1247 Words   |  5 Pagesto combat poverty, in developing and developed nations? Perspective 1: http://www.saycocorporativo.com/saycoUK/BIJ/journal/Vol2No1/article4.pdf Perspective 2: http://www.globalissues.org/article/4/poverty-around-the-world Background: The first obstacle to combating poverty is in our minds. We must understand where poverty is before we can fight it. Although some countries are described as â€Å"developed† and others as â€Å"developing†, this does not provide an accurate way to judge the poverty. Even â€Å"highlyRead MorePoverty Is More Important Than A War Of Nations1769 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Wars of nations are fought to change maps. But wars of poverty are fought to map change.† Here, Muhammad Ali, a former famous American professional boxer, parallels wars of nations to simply changing petty lines on a map, while compares wars on poverty to changing the well being of others for the better, not war. A war on poverty is more important than a war of nations because in Ali’s eyes people are all the same and should focus on helping rather than hurting each other. Overall, poverty is a socialRead MoreWhy Nations Fail : The Origins Of Power, Prosperity And Poverty1274 Words   |à ‚  6 Pagesinvestigating the global state of poverty and prosperity there is clear difference between the wealthy nations and impoverished nations. In the past decades there has been an increase in economic polarity between the developed and developing nations of the world. Some nations are prospering greatly while others countries are still struggling to achieve, economic, political, and social stability. The book Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty by Daron Acemoglu and James A. RobinsonRead MoreTo What Extent Do Democracies Affect A Nation s Poverty?1578 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent do democracies affect a nation’s poverty? My question was inspired by the article â€Å" The Life of the Peasants†. This article informs readers how bad the conditions were for peasants and the detrimental impacts that occurred on the peasants. Poverty is a serious topic that needs to be re-evaluated and analyzed some more. â€Å"Globally, about 21,000 people die every day of hunger or hunger-related causes†, according to the United Nations. This is one person every four seconds and unfortunatelyRead MoreWhy Nations Fail : The Origins Of Power, Prosperity, And Poverty, By Daron Acemoglu Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesName : Tutor : Course: Date : Book Review- Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty, by Daron Acemoglu (Author), James A. Robinson Background The book ‘Why nations fail’ was written by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson. The first author, an economics lecturer and was promoted to full professor in 2000. He is a member of the economic growth program of the Canadian Institute of Advanced Research. His interests and particularly to his audience are political economy where mostRead MoreHow Did Poverty Represent The Problems Of An Expanding Nation During The Early Republic Period?1298 Words   |  6 Pages1. How did poverty represent the problems of an expanding nation during the early Republic period? The time between the writing of the U.S. Constitution in 1787 and the financial depression, beginning in 1837, saw poverty as the most significant social pressure in the United States. There were many unanswered questions regarding society’s role in helping the poor and underprivileged during this time in the early Republic. It was debated whether or not society was responsible for helping find jobsRead MorePoverty And Poverty1721 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, poverty has become an issue that is growing drastically and more people are starting to succumb to it and are falling below the poverty line. Poverty is like an epidemic that is constantly spreading because it has many causes to it. Poverty is the faceless enemy that exists in today’s society and targets those who are incapable of fighting against it and those who cannot support themselves. It is a never-ending nightmare of living life in hunger, without shelter, being exposed toRead MorePoverty Of Being Unwanted, Unloved And Uncared For Is The Greatest Poverty Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal Poverty One of the most famous quotes from the late Mother Teresa is â€Å"We think sometimes that poverty is only being hungry, naked and homeless. The poverty of being unwanted, unloved and uncared for is the greatest poverty. Poverty still remains as one of the main obstacles and issues people are facing particularly in the world. According to the website thebreakthrough.org, poverty tops off the list as the biggest challenge when in comparison with another immediate concern- Global WarmingRead MoreGlobal Poverty Essay example1162 Words   |  5 PagesPoverty has become a crucial fact worldwide and has a great influence on economic development. Foreign aid from wealthy regions has been dedicated to reducing poverty. Before delving into the argument, it is necessary to clarify the term â€Å"western countries† and â€Å"global poverty†. Western countries refer to the most developed countries which have in common a high standard of living for most of the residents, such as the United States, most European countries and Australia. Global poverty in this essay

Payment Card Systems Were Breached - 1026 Words

On September 8th, 2014, Home Depot released a statement indicating that its payment card systems were breached. An investigation had started on September 2nd but they were still trying to discover the actual scope and impact of the breach. Home Depot was one of the many victims to a retail data breach in 2014. The unfortunate thing is the way the attacker’s infiltrated the POS networks and how the attackers were able to steal the payment card data, were the same methods used in the Target data breach. By ignoring the warnings created from the breach at Target, Home Depot allowed the attackers to use similar methods that could have been easily defended. Through the use of a third-party vendor’s logon credentials, the attackers were able to gain access. Then they exploited a zero-day vulnerability in Windows, which allowed them to pivot from the vendor-specific environment to the Home Depot corporate environment. Since both networks were linked, this was very easy. Once they were in the Home Depot network, they were able install memory scraping malware on over 7,500 self-checkout POS terminals. They just put out an update to all the POS machines. Just like any IT shop would do. This malware was able to grab 56 million credit and debit cards. The malware was also able to capture 53 million email addresses. The stolen payment cards were used to put up for sale and bought by carders. The stolen email addresses were helpful in putting together large phishing campaigns. AlthoughShow MoreRelatedCredit Card Fraud, An Integral Part Of The World s Economy1259 Words   |  6 Pagesand Debit cards have become an integral part of the world’s economy. Due to this extensive usage of cards, we have become a â€Å"cashless society†. We make use of credit cards to make online payments, to buy items at retailers and grocery stores; almost anywhere we go and purchase, we extensively make use of credit cards. This over dependency and usage of credit cards has given rise to new form of crime called the Credit Card fraud. Credit card fraud is the use of one person’s credit card informationRead MoreComputer Hacking Is The Scale Of The Problem Essay972 Words   |  4 Pagesaccess to their systems. The Department of homeland Security and Secret service recently, estimated that more than 1,000 businesses in the United States had been infected with malware programmed to siphon payment card details from cash registers. It is believed that many of these companies had no idea they were breached and sharing the information of thousands of customer’s credit card information. A main reason for concern with cybercrime is the scale of the problem. If it were a series of on-offRead MoreSecurity Violations And Security Breaches1190 Words   |  5 Pagesbusinesses from getting hacked. Network security is to help protected information, to create the possibilities that various information is not being breached or hacked by other users. The network security is to be concerned about employee information, visitors and customer information, as well as vouchers and data. The consequences of security being breached can be significant in many ways. In the event of a potential breach of security, some state laws require businesses to follow up with informationRead MoreSecurity Violations And Security Breaches1718 Words   |  7 Pagesbusinesses from getting hacked. Network security is to help protected information, to create the possibilities that various information is not being breached or hacked by other users. The network security is to be concerned about employee information, visitors and customer information, as well as vouchers and data. The consequences of security being breached can be significant in many ways. In the event of a potential breach of security, some state laws require businesses to follow up with informationRead MoreMichaels Store Inc.1038 Words   |  5 PagesMichael’s store Inc. had a Security breach, which took place between May 8, 2013 and January 27, 2 014. About 2.6 million cards or about 7 percent of payment cards used at its stores during the period were affected. Alarmingly, its subsidiary Aaron brothers also had been breached between June 26, 2013 and February 27, 2014. It was reported that Aaron brothers had 400,000 cards impacted. The duration of the treacherous attack in total was 8 months (Schwartz, 2014). In this report, security breach ofRead MoreTjx Security Breach Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesCanada. In January 2007, it was discovered that hackers stole as many as 200 million customer records due to a failed security system by TJX which resulted in a $4.8 billion dollars’ worth of damages (Swann, 2007). It is said that the breach occurred because they did not have any security measures in place to protect consumer’s data such as their debit cards, credit cards, checking account information, and driver’s license numbers. Reports identified three major areas of vulnerability: inadequateRead MoreS ecurity Breach Of Banking Industry And Retail Business1621 Words   |  7 Pagesand Retail Business Financial technologies play a significant role in modern banking system. Most of us are familiar with internet banking and mobile banking. These technologies allow us to access our accounts, transfer funds, pay for our purchases, and even apply for a loan without leaving a house or an office. In addition, most of us prefer to pay for our purchases with a quick swipe of a credit or a debit card. No doubt, it is more convenient than caring and counting cash every time we go to aRead MoreElectronic Payment : A Long Time Since We Adopted Electronic Payments1269 Words   |  6 Pageselectronic payments. Currently the most common form of an electronic payment is the use of EMV (Europay, MasterCard, VISA) cards with a magnetic stripe. These include credit cards, debit cards, prepaid cards, and now smart cards. In these processes the card or card number is swiped or entered into the merchant’s computer through a terminal. The terminal transmits data to the acquirer (a bank, for ex ample), and then the acquirer transmits data through a card association to the card issuer who makesRead MoreCustomer Privacy Of The Hospitality Service Industry Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesan easy target for data security infiltration. Hotel payment card data are stored longer with the practice of booking rooms in advance. Moreover, credit card data are stored during the duration of the stay and even longer to cover payments of restaurant bills and other services. Multiple hotel chains like Hyatt, Sheraton, Trump, Hilton and Mandarin Orinetal have admitted to having their POS or point-of-sale systems hacked in 2015. POS systems are both the physical technology and software used inRead MoreFinancial And Business Implications Of Target Corporation Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pageswas affected by the security breach it was the largest breach that ever happened. This document will explore how many people were affected, what is the effect on Financial and Business implications from t he data breach, Lawsuits against the target company, How did the company handle the crisis like when did the company discovered the breach and when did the customers were notified. Introduction About target: Target store was first opened on May 1st 1962 Minneapolis of Roseville, it mainly focused

East 1 Free Essays

The Article Review By: Efrain Gonzalez Jr. Law/421 March 10, 2013 Chuck Ward In this article review the author will present an article that specifically related to e-business and intellectual property. The information provided in this review will identify different types of and legal protections for intellectual property. We will write a custom essay sample on East 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The information describes, provide, and analyze the legal issues of e-business to include intellectual property, privacy, ethics, and security. The first piece of information that will be discussed is various types of legal protections for intellectual property. There are several different types of legal protection for intellectual property, and the primary legal mechanisms for protection of intellectual property are: the patent which only provides one right to disallow others from do things which are allowed in the patent. An example would be, any process being performed using genetic engineering in the United States required a license from Stanford University to US Patent 4,237,244 (the Cohen-Boyer patent) but this expired on December 11, 1997. The copyright would be the next protection that gives authors of published work the ability to be protected by the law of copyright infringement. The protection for copyright is 70 currently 70 years but it also much narrower than the patents because what is actually written down, and derivative works are written down. An example of copyright protection would be a published books, electronic publishing, software, and diagnostic questionnaires. Trademarks would be another protection because the trademarks protect words, names, symbols, sounds, or colors that separate, and analyzes goods and services. The difference with trademarks is that they can be renewed forever, and patents cannot, but as long as it represents and is used for business purposes only. Know-hows are basically the technical knowledge and experience to do certain things, but the difference with know-hows is that there not protected under the law, but it does hold a significance value if one doesn’t understand or isn’t able to practice an invention. Trade secrets are very important and protected because these are secrets among companies who compete with other organizations and the secrets give them an upper hand against the competitors. Trade secrets protect biological materials and software. Masks works is the last protected and it basically is a series of related images whether fixed or encoded. Masks works are similar in protection under the law to copyright. The legal issues of e-business are the rise of internet and global marketing because small business owners do not want to hear about intellectual property right because they feel that it is a waste of time and money, and those two are very important for small business owners. The privacy and security issues of the e- business can start at viruses getting through the computer which can hurt a small business because the customers may not feel comfortable and secure about shopping online due to viruses, spams and emails being sent out to customers and business associates, and the viruses can end up shutting down the organization system through the computer. Hackers can get into financial statements, and different business accounts and personal client information that can lead to major problems like identity theft and a firewall would have to be put in place to block unauthorized individuals access to business information. Loss of important data can also be a major issue for a small business due to privacy and security scandals. A back up protocol would have to be put in place so that the company can regain access to important information, and loss business files needed to effectively run the organization. Ethics also plays a major role in many different issues related to the e business because security and privacy are the number one ethical issues of the e business even though companies are aware of hackers and are protecting the information, the issue is maintain the online security at all times due to expense and new technology allow hackers to become more advanced at hacking through the internet. The privacy issue plays a big part with the e business because the digital storage and back up files leaves behind important information that can be used against the organization, the employees of the organization, the customers of it, and the potential investors that invest in the company. In conclusion this article review has when into detail and explained the different types of laws that fall under protection of the e business, and the legal protection provided within the laws. The review has described and provided examples of each, analyzed the legal issues of e-business to include intellectual property, privacy, ethics, and security. This review has provided every aspect of the law and legal protection under the e business along with the many different issue it faces on a daily basis. References Retrieve from: http://www. nytimes. com/2009/08/06/business/smallbusiness/06guide. html? _r=0 Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/DownloadList. aspx? assetMetaId=975fc4-9d85-4785-93f4-867c4ee6986dassetDataId=ba00b38d-2bb3-465c-b189-549fe15eedf4 http://www. ebusinesscounsel. com/clients/e-commerce-a-internet-law How to cite East 1, Papers

The Most Beautiful Woman in Town Review Essay Example

The Most Beautiful Woman in Town Review Paper Essay on The Most Beautiful Woman in Town The book is not for everyone. Many might offend, and someone even cause stomach cramps. Life without embellishment, richly flavored netsenzurschinoy. Bukowski for a long time they used as an adjective (I was drunk and Bukowski), indicating absolutely peculiar worldview We have long suffered from a very long time -. Almost two thousand years Charles Bukowski is one among the most controversial. American authors. And one of the most interesting and unusual. His work its realism, taken to the extreme. His stories are full of seamy side orgies, drunkenness, violence, meaninglessness of existence. But in this hopeless world, there is a place for art. Art of the same dark and marginal as the surrounding reality. To the hero the only thing that makes sense is honesty. In relation to themselves and the world. He wanted to know undisguised truth of life. This is due to the fact that the work of Bukowski filled with disgust for everything superficial, but protects the public. Therefore, in his stories almost always have a place to love and hate. We will write a custom essay sample on The Most Beautiful Woman in Town Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Most Beautiful Woman in Town Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Most Beautiful Woman in Town Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Now about the publication. Chapters are structured thematically: love, death, art and so on. The translation is done at a good level, Viktor Kogan. It is worth noting intentional disregard of punctuation (why be distracted by all there point when the important essence of the thought). I do not believe you can change the world for the better. I believe that it is possible to try to not make it worse. Before reading the book I recommend to familiarize with the interview, which gave Charles. So it will be easier to understand, and perhaps take the author.

Robert Bakker - A Profile of the Famous Paleontologist

Robert Bakker - A Profile of the Famous Paleontologist Name:  Robert Bakker Born: 1945 Nationality:  American About Robert Bakker Probably no paleontologist alive today has had as much of an impact on popular culture as Robert Bakker. Bakker was one of the technical advisers for the original Jurassic Park movie (along with two other famous figures from the dinosaur world, Jack Horner and the science writer Don Lessem), and a character in the sequel The Lost World, Dr. Robert Burke, was inspired by him. He has also written a best-selling novel (Raptor Red, about a day in the life of a Utahraptor), as well as the 1986 nonfiction book The Dinosaur Heresies. (Theres a bit of an in-joke in The Lost World: Bakker believes Tyrannosaurus Rex was a predator, while Horner believes T. Rex was a scavenger, so having Burke eaten whole in the movie lends support to the former hypothesis!) Among his fellow paleontologists, Bakker is best known for his theory (inspired by his mentor John H. Ostrom) that dinosaurs were warm-blooded, pointing to the active behavior of raptors like Deinonychus and the physiology of sauropods, whose cold-blooded hearts, Bakker argues, wouldnt have been capable of pumping blood all the way up to their heads, 30 or 40 feet above the ground. Although  Bakker is known for stating his views  forcefully, not all of his fellow scientists are convinced, some of them suggesting that dinosaurs may have had intermediate or homeothermic metabolisms rather than being strictly warm- or cold-blooded. ​Bakker is a bit of maverick in another way: in addition to being the curator of paleontology at the Houston Museum of Natural Science, hes also an ecumenical Pentecostal minister who likes to argue against interpreting biblical texts literally, preferring to see the New and Old Testaments as guides to ethics rather than to historical or scientific  facts. Unusually for a paleontologist who has had such an outsized impact on his field, Bakker isnt especially well known for his field work; for instance, he hasnt discovered or named any dinosaurs (or prehistoric animals) of note, though he did have a hand in investigating Allosaurus nesting sites  in Wyoming  (and concluding that the hatchlings of these predators received at least a modicum of parental attention). Bakkers influence can be traced above all to The Dinosaur Heresies; many of the theories he promotes in this book (including his speculation that dinosaurs grew much more rapidly than had been previously believed) have since been widely accepted by both the scientific establishment and the general public.

Serial Killer and Baby Killer, Janie Lou Gibbs

Serial Killer and Baby Killer, Janie Lou Gibbs Janie Lou Gibbs murdered her husband, three children, and a grandson by poisoning them with arsenic so she could collect on the life insurance policies she had on each victim. Good Home Cooking Janie Lou Gibbs, from Cordele Georgia, was a devoted wife and mother who spent much of her free time giving to her church. In 1965, her husband, Marvin Gibbs died suddenly at home after enjoying one of Janies good home cooked meals. Doctors concluded an undiagnosed liver disease caused his death. An Act of Giving The show of sympathy to Janie Lou and her three children from the church was overwhelming. So much so, that Ms. Gibbs decided to give part of Marvins life insurance money to the church to show her appreciation for their stellar support. Marvin, Jr. With Marvin gone, Gibbs and her children pulled together but within a year tragedy struck again. Marvin, Jr. age 13 seemed to have inherited his fathers liver disease and after collapsing with severe cramps, he too died. Again, the church community came to support Gibbs through the painful death of her young son. Janie, overwhelmed with appreciation gave a portion of Marvin, Jr.s life insurance payment to the congregation. A Family Plagued How so much could go wrong with one family was hard to understand, but one could not help to admire Gibbs inner strength especially when just a few months later, 16-year-old Lester Gibbs began complaining of dizziness, headaches and severe cramping. He died before ever getting to the hospital. Doctors decided the cause of death was hepatitis. To Give Is To Receive With disbelief but with the usual sympathy and support, the church helped Gibbs through her terrible loss. Gibbs, now broken hearted with all that she had to endure in two years, knew she could never have made it without the support of the church, and again, offered a portion of young Lesters life insurance payment to them to help show her undying gratitude. Grandmother Janie Her last and oldest son, Roger, was married and the birth of his son, Raymond seemed to lift Janie out of despair. However, within a month both Roger and his perfectly healthy newborn son were dead. This time the attending physician asked for an investigation into the deaths. When the tests came back showing that Roger and Raymond had been given arsenic poisoning, Gibbs was arrested. Goodbye Janie Janie Lou Gibbs was found guilty of poisoning her family May 9, 1976, and received a life sentence for each of the five murders she committed. In 1999, at age 66, she received a medical release from prison because she was suffering from the advanced stages of Parkinsons disease. Source Murder Most Rare The Female Serial Killer by Michael D. Kelleher and C.L. Kelleher Schechter, Harold. The A to Z Encyclopedia of Serial Killers. Paperback, Revised, Updated edition, Gallery Books, July 4, 2006. Deadly Women - Discovery Channelï » ¿

Hunffington Posts review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hunffington Posts review - Essay Example This was a bit of a bold move considering the outcome AOL’s previous merger with Time Warner, which ended in disaster. It is not difficult to understand the reasons for it. AOL gets access to all of the HuffPost’s readers (i.e. customers) to sell its other products to and HuffPost gets the opportunity to be part of a major new media company. In the context of the newspaper industry, I feel that this merger has both a positive and a negative aspect. As a member of the ‘internet’ generation, I like to see innovation and change. The internet has truly democratized the exchange of information in a way that the printing press or the telephone could not, despite their historically meaningful contribution to the same. If AOL and HuffPost can become sustainably profitable, the new company will provide a model for what journalism and journalists need to do in the future in order to not only survive but actually thrive. That of course brings me to the negative side of the merger. The merger has occurred in an environment which has witnessed the near collapse of the newspaper industry (and the homologous printed book industry). As an avid reader of both books and newspapers, I do not find great pleasure in their disappearance. The printed word has been at the center of human cultural growth over the last few centuries . Personally I love the smell of old books and a freshly printed newspaper. That smell brings up memories of rainy afternoons spent devouring books and mornings spent watching my father read the paper before going to work. The idea that Kindles and websites will replace all that is displeasing and even frightening. You can touch paper. You cannot touch a computer-generated image. The Dewey-Lippman debate in some ways presaged the 21st evolution of the news media. Lippman once said that the â€Å"average American [reader]† is similar to the â€Å"deaf spectator in the back row† in that â€Å"[h]e does not

The Impact of Prejudice and Discrimination Research Paper

The Impact of Prejudice and Discrimination - Research Paper Example prejudgment or wrong perceptions and a tendency to generalize everyone belonging to that particular group as having a personal trait, characteristic, behavior, or feature that is indicative of the minority group. People can sometimes be blind to the truth even if actual observation belies their mis-perceptions due to a consistent refusal to see that some people can be very different from what they make them out to be in real life. Slavery in America during its early years is a good example of how prejudice or discrimination can have long-lasting consequences if perpetrated by a larger group. Racism arising from ignorance, bias, prejudice, and discrimination results in exclusion of a minority group from the political, economic, and social spheres of society. Its effects usually are negative especially if racism is committed systematically and embedded in the psyche of the general population which in turn helps to perpetuate the wrong ideas and wrong perceptions of a minority group such that it becomes almost a permanent feature of a society, carried from one generation to the next generation. Its ill effects can be felt or seen in lower incomes for the group and exclusion from opportunities usually accorded to members of the general population. Biased treatment of minority groups also reflect badly on the whole society because it is indicative of its own intolerance and inflexibility towards other people who many not share the same beliefs. There were cases in the past in which discrimination was well documented because it was made official policy and there are also recent cases in which discrimination is not so blatant or overt but still results in the systematic exclusion of a minority group. All cases have negative impacts on the minority people discriminated against. It is the aim of this brief paper to discuss one event of discrimination and prejudice in the past and then discuss a more recent similar event in contemporary times. Both events (past and

Monolog For Bassoon By Isang Yun Music Essay

Monolog For Bassoon By Isang Yun Music Essay Isang Yun was a composer with Korean ethnicity who is well known in the music world especially in Europe as he spent a major portion of his life in Germany and died there too. In his initial years of composing, his compositions were not well known in Korea due to the political issues surrounding the East Berlin Event. Inferring from his biography, it seemed that he wished to see Korea as a unified nation. Between the period of 1956 to 1995, Isang Yun composed music in Germany and other European countries. He also composed vast amount of pieces and his works were written in almost every genre, such as instrumental sonatas, operas, symphonies, and cantatas. While his works have been largely performed and studied in Europe, Japan, and even North Korea, South Korean officials have thoroughly prohibited his music and consider the composer dangerous politically. Isang Yun often visited North Korea without permission from the South as North Korea supported scholarships and living expenses for him. However, after a change of regime in 1982, the national symphony orchestra of South Korea first introduced his works in South Korea. From this time, Yuns music began to be studied by musicians in the South. This paper will discuss in musical theoretical detail one of his works, Monolog for bassoon His well composed work, Monolog for Bassoon was composed in 1983, this was the mid period of Yuns well accomplished compositional career. During this stage of his life, he had already achieved mastery over the formal techniques of the European avant-garde and had moved more into composing within a more free atonal style. The Monolog for bassoon is quintessential of Yuns typical mature style wherein he fusions the use of free atonality with elements from his ethnic Korean lineage. The Monolog for bassoon, which has so far been recorded by at least five prominent bassoonists, is a concrete testament to Yuns growing prominence as a 20th century composer. It shows Yuns unique compositional angle which uniquely combines ethnic Korean inspirations in a work for bassoon, which is a distinctly Western instrument. The Monolog for bassoon also warrants a close study, as it is his only solo work for bassoon, and is an emerging standard of 20th century avant-garde bassoon repertoire. During his initial years into composing, Yun was fond of and got acquainted with European music and constantly found different sought out ways to learn more about European music history, style, and compositional methods. Because of his inclination towards western music more so European music, he also developed inspiration in the musical traditions of his home country, Korea. It was only after his journey to Europe that Yun began to foster and incorporate traditional Korean elements into his music. Yun himself admitted this truth through the following quote: When I was in Korea, I enjoyed and listened to our rich Korean musical traditions for entertainment. But I realized the hidden treasures of Korean traditional music for the first time only after I came to Europe. Keith Howard notes that prior to Yuns journey to Europe, his works show no attempt to incorporate elements from Korean traditional music. Yun later removed all works from circulation that he had written prior to his study in Europe as he felt they were not representative of his mature compositional voice. Whilst presenting into radio broadcasts in Freiburg in 1960 on the subject of traditional East Asian music, he began to develop his distinct and unique composing style. Yun also spent a major part of his time to study traditional East Asian music so he could play them in his broadcasts. Due to this research Yun was inspired to compose Loyang, a beautifully composed work that incorporated the mood of ancient court music, the sounds of traditional Korean instruments, as well as the principles of Taoism. But Yuns method of incorporating these elements was not literal in the least. Jeongmee Kim explains: He was not interested in quoting folk tunes, nor borrowing traditional Asian instruments, nor composing nostalgic song lyrics. Yuns Korean musical heritage is expressed through more abstract, philosophical, and internalized use of ethnic materials, in particular Hauptton/Hauptklang technique. He relied on the use of Korean classical musical forms and Asian philosophy to compete with the equivalent in Europe. These shape and propel the sounds and structure of his works, while the Western musical heritage and its instruments provide the physical means to articulate Yuns complex sound world. Quite centric to Yuns music can be found a Korean view of sound. While Western ears are accustomed to hearing a melodic figure accompanied by harmonic progression, Eastern music relies heavily on the role of an individual or central tone. The tone itself is celebrated; adorned with a huge variety of ornaments. These ornaments are not intended to encompass the central tone within a melody, rather they are an essential part of how the tone is able to express itself. The concept of the central tone is prevalent in many Asian countries and spans various genres of Asian music. Yun describes this phenomenon in a speech he gave at a conference in Berlin: While in European music the concept of form plays a decisive part, and notes become significant only when a whole group of them are related horizontally as melody or vertically as harmony, the thousand-year-old tradition of Eastern Asiatic music places the single note, the constructive element, in the foreground. In European music only a series of notes comes to life, so that the individual tone can be relatively abstract, but with us the single tone is alive in its own right. Our notes can be compared to brush strokes as opposed to pencil lines. From beginning to end each note is subject to transformations; it is decked out with embellishments, grace notes, fluctuations, glissandi, and dynamic changes; above all, the natural vibration of each note is consciously employed by a means of expression. A notes changes in pitch are regarded less as intervals forming a melody than as an ornamental function and part of the range of expression of one and the same note. This method of treating individual notes sets my music apart from other contemporary works. It gives it an unmistakably Asiatic color, which is evident even to the untrained listener. Keith Howard discusses some meaningful reasons which explain the reason for Korean music being structured in that way. The initial part is the ironic yet well complementing relationship between yin and yang. After which is the concept of never-ending movement. Nature is held in high regard in the east asian culture more so with the continuous flow of elements like water, air etc. Now from an abstract or musical view, the flow of sound is thought to be continuous as well. Music exists before sound begins, and continues after sound ends. This is one of the reasons why Yun compares the single tone to brush strokes as opposed to pencil lines. A pencil line has a definite beginning and ending, as well as a uniform shape and consistency throughout. But in a brush stroke it is hard to determine where the actual beginning and ending occur. Although to the naked eyes it may show as a single line, it can show different views in a myriad of ways and also have contrasting qualities within each u nique stroke, which more precisely mimics the flow of nature. He goes on more to explain his view of continuous flow in an interview with Bruce Duffie where he quotes: My music doesnt have a beginning or an end. You could combine elements from one piece into another piece very wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Music flows in the cosmos and I have an antenna which is able to cut out a piece of the stream. The part which Ive cut out is organized and formed through my own thought and body processes, and I commit it to paper. Thats why my music is always continuous like the clouds that are always the same but are never alike one to another. Howard also suggests that the physical structure and musical capabilities of traditional Korean instruments have had a profound impact on the Korean concept of tone. While each instrument is unique in tone and structure, they all are extremely flexible in terms of pitch. Many instruments are so flexible that it can be difficult to produce a steady tone. This is directly linked to the Korean musical ideal of sound being embellished and ever changing. As Yun mainly did composing in the sphere of Western art music, wherein a comprehensive understanding of Korean ornamentation is not mandatory, he does not leave the art of ornamentation up to the performer. He makes it a point to word minute details of the ornamentation, few of which exist within the framework of Western notation, others of which he must create new symbols and explanations for, as they are not part of the conventional vocabulary for Western musicians. This was a challenging process for Yun because in his thoughts he held a meticulously detailed vision of what the ornamentation should sound like. On this part he was quoted as, I wrote down the playing techniques for instrumentalists as they are used in Korea on the old instruments, thus as a very accurate vibrato and many sorts of glissando. In Korea there are of course about thirty kinds of glissando. To truly emulate the sounds of traditional Korean instruments, Yun had to create new, and often very difficult, tech niques for the performers. Isang Yuns Monolog for bassoon was mainly composed between the years 1983 to 1984, however the actual roots of this work had begun some years prior along with his other work Clarinet Concerto. The Clarinet Concerto was composed by Yun in the year 1981 especially for Swiss clarinetist Eduard Brunner, who was the principal clarinetist of Munichs Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra for about 30 years. He premiered the work in Munich on January 29, 1982. Certain points which were notable about the Clarinet Concerto is the usage of bass clarinet instead of clarinet because of the solo voice during the middle movement. In the following year, Yun removed the solo line from the second movement and then used it as the structural basis for a solo bass clarinet work. The resulting composition of this which was written for Dutch bass clarinet virtuoso Harry Sparnaay, became Yuns Monolog for bass clarinet and was then premiered on April 9, 1983. Expecting some changes and more likely to accommodate range, Yun also published a version of the same work for bassoon. Yun was quoted in an interview with Bruce Duffie in 1987 that he composed strictly by commission, and his scores typically included a dedication to the commissioner. However, the Monolog for bassoon contains no such dedication and it is unknown whether it was created for a particular individual. It was premiered on February 3, 1985 by French bassoonist Alexandre Ouzounoff. Precedent for Yuns solo works being performed on other instruments had been set several years prior with Piri, a composition for solo oboe. Piri was composed in 1971 for oboist Georg Meerwin, which immediately gained quick popularity. Before long, musicians of other instruments took notice of Piri and began to perform it. Clarinetists specifically performed and recorded Piri, which also including Eduard Brunner. Wolfgang Sparrer was quoted on his observation about about Piri as: Although it was originally written for oboe, the composer has allowed interpretations for other instruments. Due to its high demands regarding playing technique and successful balance between construction and expression, Piri achieved so much popularity within only a few years that it was often chosen as a compulsory piece in music competitions. Due to this well spread acceptance and versatility of Piri, Yun may have anticipated the idea of creating an alternate edition of Monolog for bass clarinet for bassoon. Since there are distinct differences in range, key, and clef notation between the two instruments, publishing a new version of the work for bassoon was necessary to encourage performances. As this analysis specifically addresses the Monolog for bassoon, an in-depth discussion of Yuns Monolog for bass clarinet will not be included with the exception of highlighting the differences between the bassoon and bass clarinet versions as explained below. In a discussion of his compositional process, Yun was quoted by Luise Rinser: I do not exhaust my possibilities in any one piece. There always remains something unsolved in form. I make that the starting point of another work. I must always take something new as a challenge. If someday no more new ideas come up, I would stop composing. This statement not just shows the well synergized and critical parts in Yuns works, but also provides an answer for his use of the middle movement of the Clarinet Concerto as the basis for an expanded work that would eventually become the Monolog for bassoon. The Monolog for bassoon well showcases Yuns unique compositional fusion of Eastern and Western elements. Although this work at an initial look seems like a general late twentieth century avant-garde work for bassoon utilizing extended techniques within a non-tonal compositional context, Yuns compositional approach looks to specifically convey traditional Korean philosophies, sound ideals, and instrumental techniques. Understanding his compositional method is a key to the performers comprehension of the work. If only viewed with a Western outlook analysis of this work, there is a possibility to overlook critical elements in the work like main tone versus ornament, or treatment of the ornaments themselves, while making other analytical associations which he did not intend, such as relying on motivic development and harmonic motion to propel the music rather than melodic growth. Just with all musical genres, it is more feasible to have a comprehensive understanding of the main composers musical perspective. This understanding also holds true for music of the twentieth-century than it is for earlier periods, particularly as modern musical influences become more and more diverse and reach beyond the bounds of traditional Western classical music. Bibliography / Discography Hur, Dae-Sik. A Combination of Asian Language with Foundations of Western Music: An Analysis of Isang Yuns Salomo for Flute Solo or Alto Flute Solo. PhD diss., University of North Texas, 2005. Kim, Jeongmee. Musical Syncretism in Isang Yuns Gasa. In Locating East Asia in Western Art Music, edited by Yayoi Uno Everett and Frederick Lau, 168-192. Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press, 2004. Choi, Yulee. The Problem of Musical Style: Analysis of Selected Instrumental Music of the Korean-Born Composer Isang Yun. Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1992. Helicon, David Currnings, ed. Yun, Isang. Random House Encyclopedia Dictionary of Classical Music. Publishing Ltd., Oxford, 1997. 749. . . Yun, Isang. In Contemporary Composers. Edited by Brian Morton and Pamela Collins. New York: St James Press, 1992. Kim, Chul-Hwa. The Musical Ideology and Style of Isang Yun, As Reflected in His Concerto for Violoncello and Orchestra (1975/76). Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, 1997. Kim, Doosook. A Recording and an Analytical Overview of Two Violin Works by Isang Yun. Ph.D. diss., Arizona State University, 1996. Kim, Jeongmee. The Diaporic Composer: The Fusion of Korean and German Musical Cultures in the work of Isang Yun. Ph.D. diss., University of California, 1999. Kim, Yongwan. Yun Isang Yun Ku. Seoul: Hankuk Yesul Jonghap Hakgou Press, 2001. Kunz, H. Yun, Isang. In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians Vol. 27. Edited by Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan, Publishers, 2001. 696-697. Musique pour Basson et Piano Vol.2 Performer: Dag Jensen, Midori Kitagawa Composer: Paul Hindemith, Olav Berg, Othmar Schoeck, Otmar Nussio, Isang Yun, et al. Audio CD (March 23, 1999) Label: MDG Records

Input/Output Organization

INPUT/OUTPUT ORGANIZATION †¢ Accessing I/O Devices †¢ I/O interface †¢ Input/output mechanism Memory-mapped I/O y pp / Programmed I/O Interrupts Direct Memory Access †¢ Buses Synchronous Bus Asynchronous Bus I/O in CO and O/S †¢ †¢ †¢ Programmed I/O Interrupts DMA (Direct memory Access) A bus is a shared communication link, which uses one , set of wires to connect multiple subsystems. The two major advantages of the bus organization are versatility and low cost. Accessing I/O Devices Most modern computers use single bus arrangement for connecting I/O devices to CPU & Memory †¢ The bus enables all the devices connected to it to exchange information †¢ Bus consists of 3 set of lines : Address, Data, Control †¢ Processor places a particular address (unique for an I/O Dev. ) on address lines †¢ Device which recognizes this address responds to the commands issued on the Control lines †¢ Processor requests for either Read / Write †¢ The data will be placed on Data lines Hardware to connect I/O devices to b t bus Interface Circuit – Address Decoder – Control Circuits – Data registers – Status registers †¢ The Registers in I/O Interface – buffer and control †¢ Flags in Status Registers like SIN, SOUT Registers, SIN †¢ Data Registers, like Data-IN, Data-OUT I/O interface for an input device Memory Address Processor Data Control Address Add Decoders Control C t l circuits Data d t t D t and status registers I/O /O Interface Input device (s) p ( ) Input Output mechanism h i †¢ Memory mapped I/O †¢ Programmed I/O †¢ Interrupts †¢ DMA (Direct memory Access)A bus generally contains a set of control lines and a set of data lines. The control lines are used to signal requests and acknowledgments, and to indicate what type of information is on the data lines. The control lines are used to indicate what the bus contains and to implement the bus p rotocol. The data lines of the bus carry information between the source and the destination. This information may consist of data, complex commands, or addresses. Buses are traditionally classified as processor-memory di i ll l ifi d buses or I/O buses or special purposed buses (Graphics, etc. ).Processor memory buses are short, generally high speed, and matched to the memory system so as to maximize memoryprocessor bandwidth. I/O b buses, b contrast, can be lengthy, can have many by t t b l th h types of devices connected to them, and often have a wide range in the data bandwidth of the devices connected to them. I/O buses do not typically interface directly to the memory but use either a processor-memory or a backplane bus to connect to memory. The major disadvantage of a bus is that it creates a communication bottleneck possibly limiting the maximum I/O bottleneck, throughput.When I/O must pass through a single bus, the bus bandwidth of that bus limits the maximum I/O throughput. Reason why b R h bus d i design is so difficult : i diffi lt – the maximum bus speed is largely limited by physical factors: the length of the bus and the number of devices. These physical limits prevent us from running the bus arbitrarily fast. – In addition, the need to support a range of devices with widely varying latencies and data transfer rates also makes bus design challenging. – it becomes difficult to run many parallel wires at high speed due to clock skew and reflection reflection.The two basic schemes for communication on the bus are synchronous and asynchronous. If a bus is synchronous (e. g. Processor-memory), it includes a clock in the control lines and a fixed protocol for communicating that is relative to the clock. g This type of protocol can be implemented easily in a small finite state machine. Because the protocol is predetermined and involves little logic, the bus can run very fast and the interface logic will be small. Synchronous buses h ave two major disadvantages: – First, every device on the bus must run at the same clock rate. Second, because of clock skew problems, synchronous buses cannot be long if they are fast. An A asynchronous b h bus i not clocked. It can accommodate a is t l k d d t wide variety of devices, and the bus can be lengthened without worrying about clock skew or synchronization problems. To coordinate the transmission of data between sender and receiver, an asynchronous bus uses a handshaking protocol. Three special control lines required for hand-shaking: ReadReq: Used to indicate a read request for memory. The address is put on the data lines at the same time.DataRdy: Used t i di t th t th d t D t Rd U d to indicate that the data word is now ready on the di d th data lines; asserted by: Output/Memory and Input/I_O Device. Ack: Used to acknowledge the ReadReq or the DataRdy signal of the other party. I/O Dev. Memory Steps after the device signals a request by raising ReadReq and putti ng the address on the Data lines: 1. When memory sees the ReadReq line, it reads the address from the data bus and raises Ack to indicate it has been seen. 2. As the Ack line is high – I/O releases the ReadReq and data lines. g / q 3.Memory sees that ReadReq is low and drops the Ack line to acknowledge the ReadReq signal (Mem. Reading in progress now). 4. This step starts when the memory has the data ready. It places the data from the read request on the data lines and raises DataRdy. 5. The I/O device sees DataRdy, reads the data from the bus, and signals that it has the data by raising Ack. 6. On the Ack signal, M/M drops DataRdy, and releases the data lines. 7. Finally, the I/O device, seeing DataRdy go low, drops the Ack line, which indicates that the transmission is completed. Memory mapped I/O I/O devices and the memory share the same address space the space, arrangement is called Memory-mapped I/O. In Memory-mapped I/O portions of address space are assigned to I/O devi ces and reads and writes to those addresses are interpreted as commands to the I/O device. †¢ â€Å"DATAIN† is the address of the input buffer associated with the keyboard. – Move DATAIN, R0 reads the data from DATAIN and stores them into processor register R0; – Move R0, DATAOUT sends the contents of register R0 to location DATAOUT g Option of special I/O address space or incorporate as a part of memory address space (address bus is same always).When the processor places the address and data on the memory bus, the memory system ignores the operation because the address indicates a portion of the memory space used for I/O. The device controller, however, sees the operation, records the data, and transmits it to the device as a command. User programs are p p g prevented from issuing I/O g / operations directly because the OS does not provide access to the address space assigned to the I/O devices and thus the addresses are protected by the address translatio n. Memory mapped I/O can also be used to transmit data by writing or reading to select addresses.The device uses the address to determine the type of command, and the data may be provided by a write or obtained by a read. A program request usually requires several separate I/O operations. Furthermore, the processor may have to interrogate the status of the device between individual commands to determine whether the command completed successfully. DATAIN DATAOUT STATUS CONTROL 7 6 5 4 DIRQ KIRQ DEN KEN SOUT SIN 3 2 1 0 I/O operation involving keyboard and display devices Registers: DATAIN, DATAOUT, STATUS, CONTROL Flags: SIN, SOUT – Provides status information for keyboard nd display unit KIRQ, DIRQ – Keyboard, Display Interrupt request bits DEN, KEN –Keyboard, Display Enable bits Programmed I/O †¢ CPU has direct control over I/O – S Sensing status i t t – Read/write commands – Transferring data †¢ CPU waits for I/O module to comple te operation †¢ Wastes CPU time In this case, use dedicated I/O instructions in the processor. These I/O instructions can specify both the device number and the command word (or the location of the command word in memory). The processor communicates the device address via a set of wires normally included as part of the I/O bus.The actual command can be transmitted over the data lines in the bus. bus (example – Intel IA-32) IA-32). By making the I/O instructions illegal to execute when not in kernel or supervisor mode user programs can be mode, prevented from accessing the devices directly. The process of periodically checking status bits to see if it is time for the next I/O operation, is called polling. Polling is the simplest way for an I/O device to communicate with the processor processor. The I/O device simply puts the information in a Status register, register and the processor must come and get the information.The processor is totally in control and does all the w ork. A ISA program to read one line from the keyboard, store it in memory buffer and echo it back to the display buffer, The disadvantage of polling is that it can waste a lot of processor time because processors are so much faster than I/O devices devices. The processor may read the Status register many times, only to find that the device has not yet completed a comparatively slow I/O operation, or that the mouse has not budged since the last time it was polled.When the device completes an operation, we must still read the status to determine whether it (I/O) was successful. Overhead in a polling interface lead to the invention of interrupts to notify the processor when an I/O device requires attention from the processor. Interrupt-driven I/O, Interrupt driven I/O employs I/O interrupts to indicate to the processor that an I/O device needs attention. When a device wants to notify the processor that it has completed some operation or needs attention, it causes the processor to be in terrupted.Interrupts I/O INTERRUPT Processor †¢ When I/O Device is ready, it sends the INTERRUPT signal to processor via a dedicated controller line †¢ Using interrupt we are ideally eliminating WAIT period †¢ In response to the interrupt, the processor executes the Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) †¢ All the registers flags program counter values are saved registers, flags, by the processor before running ISR †¢ The time required to save status & restore contribute to execution overhead ? â€Å"Interrupt Latency† p y nterrupt-acknowledge signal – I/O device interface p y accomplishes this by execution of an instruction in the interrupt-service routine (ISR) that accesses a status or data register in the device interface; implicitly informs the device that its interrupt request has been recognized. IRQ signal is then removed by device. ISR is a sub-routine – may belong to a different user than the one being executed and then halted. The c ondition code flags and the contents of any registers used by both the interrupted program and the interrupt-service interrupt service routine are saved and restored restored.The concept of interrupts is used in operating systems and i many control applications, where processing of d in l li i h i f certain routines must be accurately timed relative to external events (e. g. real-time processing). Interrupt Hardware p Pull up Pull-up resister INTR = INTR1 +†¦.. +INTR n INTR An equivalent circuit for an open drain bus used to implement a open-drain common interrupt-request line Interrupt Hardware Supply pp y R INTR Processor Pull-up resister INTR 1 INTR 2 INTR 3 INTR = INTR1 +†¦.. +INTR n GND INTR Enabling and Disabling Interrupts Device activates interrupt signal line and waits with this signal activated until processors attends †¢ The interrupt signal line is active during execution of ISR and till the device caused interrupt is serviced †¢ Necessary to ensure t hat the active signal does not lead to successive interruptions (level-triggered input) causing (level triggered the system to fall in infinite loop. †¢ What if the same d i h h device i interrupts again, within an ISR ? i i hi †¢ Three methods of Controlling Interrupts (single device) – Ignoring interrupt – Disabling interrupts – Special Interrupt request line Ignoring Interrupts – Processor hardware ignores the interrupt request line until the execution of the first instruction of the ISR completed – Using an interrupt disable instruction after the first instruction of the ISR – no further interrupts – A return from interrupt instruction is completed before further interruptions can occur †¢ Disabling Interrupts – Processor automatically disables interrupts before starting the execution of the ISR – The processor saves the contents of PC and PS (status register) before performing interrupt disabling. The interrupt-enable is set to 0 – no further interrupts allowed – When return from interrupt instruction is executed the contents of the PS are restored from the stack, and the interrupt enable is set to 1 †¢ Special Interrupt line p p – Special interrupt request line for which the interrupt handling circuit responds only t th l di h dli i it d l to the leading edge of d f the signal – Edge –triggered g gg – Processor receives only one request regardless of how long the line is activated – N separate i t No t interrupt di bli t disabling i t instructions tiThe sequence of events involved in handling an interrupt request from a single device. Assuming that interrupts are enabled, the following is a typical scenario: 1. 1 The device raises an interrupt request request. 2. The processor interrupts the program currently being executed. t d 3. Interrupts are disabled by changing the control bits in the PS (except in the case of edge-tri ggered interrupts) interrupts). 4. The device is informed that its request has been recognized, and in response, it deactivates the interrupti d di d ti t th i t t request signal. . The action requested by the interrupt is performed by the interrupt-service routine. 6. Interrupts are enabled and execution of the interrupted program is resumed. Handling Multiple Devices †¢ Multiple devices can initiate interrupts p p †¢ They uses the common interrupt request line y p q †¢ Techniques are q – Polling – Vectored Interrupts p – Interrupt Nesting – Daisy Chaining y g Polling Scheme †¢ The IRQ (interrupt request) bit in the status register is set when a device is requesting an interrupt. The Interrupt service routine polls the I/O devices connected to the bus. †¢ The first device encountered with the IRQ bit set is serviced and the subroutine is invoked. †¢ Easy to implement, but too much time spent on checking the IRQ bits of all d evices, though some devices may not be requesting service. Vectored Interrupts †¢ Device requesting an interrupt identifies itself directly to the processor †¢ The device sends a special code to the processor over the bus. The code contains the – identification of the device device, – starting address for the ISR, – address of the branch to the ISR †¢ PC finds the ISR address from the code. †¢ To add flexibility for multiple devices – corresponding ISR is executed by the processor using a branch address to the appropriate routine – device specified Interrupt Vector. An interrupt vector is the memory address of an interrupt handler, or an index into an array called an interrupt vector table or dispatch table – a table of interrupt vectors (pointers to routines that handle interrupts).Interrupt vector tables contain the memory addresses of interrupt handlers. When an interrupt is generated, the processor saves its execution state via a context switch, and begins execution of the interrupt handler at the interrupt b i ti f th i t t h dl t th i t t vector. The Interrupt Descriptor Table ( p p (IDT) is specific to the ) p I386 architecture. It tells where the Interrupt Service Routines (ISR) are located. Each interrupt number is reserved for a specific purpose. For example, 16 of the vectors are reserved for the 16 IRQ lines.Q On PCs, the interrupt vector table (IVT or IDT) consists of 256 4-byte pointers – the first 32 (0-31 or 00-1F) of which are reserved f for processor exceptions; the rest f for hardware interrupts, software interrupts. This resides in the first 1 K of addressable memory. Interrupt Nesting †¢ Pre-Emption of low priority Interrupt by another high Pre Emption priority interrupt is known as Interrupt nesting. †¢ Di bli Disabling I t Interrupts d i t during th execution of th ISR the ti f the may not favor devices which need immediate attention. Need a priority of IRQ de vices and accepting IRQ from a high priority device. †¢ The priority level of the processor can be changed y y dynamically. †¢ The privileged instruction write in the PS (processor status word) that encodes the processors priority word), priority. Interrupt Nesting (contd. ) Pro ocessor INTR1 Device 1 INTA 1 Device 2 INTRp .. . Device p INTA p Priority arbitration circuit †¢ Organizing I/O devices in a prioritized structure. g g / p †¢ Each of the interrupt-request lines is assigned a different priority level level. †¢ The processor is interrupted only by a high priority device. Daisy Chaining †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The interrupt request line INTR is common to all the devices The interrupt acknowledgement line INTA is connected to devices in a DAISY CHAIN way INTA propagates serially through the devices Device that is electrically closest to the processor gets high hi h priority i i Low priority device may have a danger of STARVATION INTR P Processo r r Device D i 1 INTA Device D i 2 .. Device n D i Daisy Chaining with Priority Group †¢ †¢ Combining Daisy chaining and Interrupt nesting to form p priority group yg p Each group has different priority levels and within each group devices are connected in daisy chain wayINTR1 Proc cessor Device 1 Device 1 INTA 1 INTR p . . . . Device D i 1 INTA p Priority arbitration circuit Device D i 1 Arrangement of priority groups Direct Memory Access (DMA) †¢ For I/O transfer, Processor determines the status of I/O devices, by – – Polling Waiting for Interrupt signal †¢ Considerable overhead is incurred in above I/O transfer processing †¢ To transfer large blocks of data at high Speed, between EXTERNAL devices & Main Memory, DMA approach is often used †¢ DMA controller allows data transfer directly between I/O device d i and d Memory, M with i h minimal i l intervention i i of f processor. Direct Memory Access (DMA) †¢ DMA controller acts as a P rocessor, but it is controlled by CPU †¢ To initiate transfer of a block of words, the processor sends the following data to controller – The starting address of the memory block – The word count h d – Control to specify the mode of transfer such as read or write – A control to start the DMA transfer †¢ DMA controller performs the requested I/O operation and sends a interrupt to the processor upon completion 1 Status and Control Starting address Word count In ? ? ? IRQ 30 IE 1 R/W 0 Done DMA interface g g First register stores the starting address Second register stores Word count Third register contains status and control flags Bits and Flags R/W Done IRQ IE 1 READ Data transfer finishes Interrupt request Raise interrupt (enable) after Data Transfer 0 WRITE Processor Main memory Disk/DMA controller DMA controller Printer Keyboard Disk Disk Network Interface Use of DMA Controller in a computer system Memory accesses by the processor and DMA Cont roller are interwoven †¢ DMA devices have higher priority then processor over BUS control †¢ Cycle Stealing:- DMA Controller â€Å"steals† memory cycles from processor, though processor originates most memory access. †¢ Block or Burst mode:- The of data without interruption †¢ Conflicts in DMA: – Processor and DMA, – Two DMA controllers, try to use the Bus at the same time to access the main memory DMA controller may given exclusive access to the main memory to transfer a blockDMA and Interrupt Breakpoints During D i an I t Instruction Cycle ti C l Bus Arbitration †¢ Bus master: device that initiates data transfers on the bus. †¢ The next device can take control of the bus after the current master relinquishes control †¢ Bus Arbitration: process by which the next device to become master is selected †¢ Centralized and Distributed Arbitration BBSY P Processor r BR BG1 DMA controller 1 BG2 DMA controller 2 A simple arrangemen t for bus arbitration using a daisy chain BR (bus request ) line – open drain line – the signal on this line is a logical OR of the bus request from all the g q DMA devices – BG (bus grant) line – processor activates this line indicating (acknowledging) to all the DMA devices (connected in daisy chain fashion) that the BUS may be used when its free free. – BBSY (bus busy) line – open collector line – the current bus master i di b indicates d i devices that i i currently using h it is l i the bus by signaling this line BBSY Processor BR BG1 DMA controller 1 BG2DMA controller 2 Sequence of signals during data transfer of bus mastership †¢ Centralized Arbitration – Separate unit (bus arbitration circuitry) connected to the bus – Processor is normally the bus master, unless it grants bus mastership to DMA For the timing/control, in previous slide: DMA controller 2 requests and acquires bus mastership and later releases the bus. During its tenure as the bus master, it may perform one or more data transfer operations, depending on whether it is p , p g operating in the cycle stealing or block mode.After it releases the bus, the processor resumes bus mastership. †¢ Distributed Arbitration – All devices waiting to use the bus has to carry out the arbitration process – no central arbiter – Each device on the bus is assigned with a identification number 4-bit – One or more devices request the bus by asserting q y g the start-arbitration signal and place their identification number on the four open collector lines – ARB0 through ARB3 are the four open collector lines – One among the four is selected using the code on the lines and one with the highest ID numberA distributed arbitration scheme Assume that two devices, A and B, having ID numbers 5 and 6, respectively, are requesting the use of the bus. Device A transmits the pattern 0101, and device B transmit s the pattern 0110. p The code seen by both devices is 0111. Each device compares the pattern on the arbitration lines to its own ID, starting from the most significant bit. If it detects a difference at any bit position, it disables its drivers at that bit position and for all lower-order bits. It does so by placing a 0 at the input of these drivers drivers.In the case of our example, device A detects a difference on line ARB I. Hence, it disables its drivers on diff li I H i di bl i d i lines ARB 1 and ARBO. This causes the pattern on the arbitration lines to change to 0110, which means that B has won the contention. Universal Serial Bus (USB) The USB supports two speeds of operation called lowoperation, low speed (1. 5 megabits/s) and full-speed (12 megabits/s). The Th most recent revision of the bus specification (USB i i f h b ifi i 2. 0) introduced a third speed of operation, called high-speed (480 megabits/s).The USB has been designed to meet several key objectives: -P Provid e a simple, low-cost, and easy to use interconnection id i l l t d t i t ti system that overcomes the difficulties due to the limited number of I/O ports available on a computer – Accommodate a wide range of data transfer characteristics for I/O devices, including telephone and Internet connections / , g p – Enhance user convenience through a †plug-and-play† mode of operation USB Bandwidths: A low-speed rate of 1. 5 Mbit/s (~183 kB/s) is defined by USB 1. 0.It is intended primarily to save cost in lowbandwidth human interface devices (HID) such as keyboards, ( ) y , mice, and joysticks. The full-speed rate of 12 Mbit/s (~1. 43 MB/s) is the full speed ( 1. 43 basic USB data rate defined by USB 1. 1. All USB hubs support full-bandwidth. A high-speed (USB 2. 0) rate of 480 Mbit/s (~57 MB/s) was introduced in 2001. All hi-speed devices are capable of falling back to full bandwidth operation if necessary; they are full-bandwidth backward compatible. Connectors a re identical. SuperSpeed ( d (USB 3. 0) rate produces upto 4800 Mbit/s ) d bi / (~572 MB/s or 5 Gbps)Each node of the tree has a device called a hub, which acts as an intermediate control point between the host and the I/0 devices devices. At the root of the tree, a root hub connects the entire tree to the host computer. The leaves of the tree are the I/0 p / devices being served. The tree structure enables many devices to be connected while using only simple point-topoint serial links. Each hub has a number of ports where devices may be connected, including other hubs. In normal operation, a hub g copies a message that it receives from its upstream connection to all its downstream ports.As A a result, a message sent b the host computer is lt t by th h t t i broadcast to all I/O devices, but only the addressed device will respond to that message. A message from an I/O device is sent only upstream towards the root of the tree and is not seen by other devices. Hence, th USB enables th h t t communicate with the I/O H the bl the host to i t ith th devices, but it does not enable these devices to communicate with each other. The USB operates strictly on the basis of polling. A device may send a message only in response to a poll message from the host host.Hence, upstream messages do not encounter conflicts or interfere with each other, as no two devices can send other messages at the same time. This restriction allows hubs to be simple, low-cost devices. USB protocol requires that a message transmitted on a highspeed link is always transmitted p y at high speed, even when the ultimate receiver is a low-speed device. device Hence, a message intended for device D is sent at high speed from the root hub to hub A, then A forwarded at low speed to device D. The latter transfer will take a long time, during which highl ti d i hi h hi h speed traffic to other nodes is allowed to continue.Each device on the USB, whether it is a hub or an I/O device, is assigned a 7-bit ad dress. This address is local to the USB tree and is not related in any way to the addresses used on the processor bus. A hub may have any number of devices or other hubs connected to it, and addresses are assigned arbitrarily. When a device is first connected to a hub, or when it is powered on, it has the address 0. The hardware of the hub to which this device is connected is capable of detecting that the device has been connected, and it records this f d hi fact as part of i own status i f f its information. Periodically, the host polls each hub to collect status information and learn about new devices that may have been added or disconnected. When the host is informed that a new device has been connected, connected it uses a sequence of commands to send a reset signal on the corresponding hub port, read information from the device about its capabilities, send configuration information to the device, and assign the device a unique USB address. O d i d i th d i i dd Once this thi se quence is completed the device begins normal operation and responds only to the new address. Read about USB protocols Isochronous traffic on USB and USB FRAME

Sustainability Resources And The Future - 1384 Words

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The Stonewall Riots And Women s Rights Movement Essay

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